Nationalism

The bonds that unite and the forces to divide.  Nationalism is both.  Nationalism during the nineteenth century create a historical landslide of changes.  The aging empires of Russia, Austria-Hungary and the Ottomans could no longer maintain stability within their multi-ethnic, multi-linguistic,  and religious territories.  People with common bonds greatly desired their own autonomy and were willing to fight to the death to gain it.  Conversely, nationalism help solidify the German speaking territories of central Europe and the Italian speaking nation-states of the southern peninsula.  Both Germany and Italy became powerful unified nations with help from their charismatic leaders.  As nationalism grows in strength and prowess during the nineteenth century, it slowly helps set the stage for history's first world war.

Title: Nationalism

I.  Nationalism - The Basics

A.  Nationalism is the feeling of pride, devotion and loyalty to ones country 

B.  6 bonds that unify a people

1.  common religion

2.  common language

3.  common ethnicity or ancestry

4.  common history

5.  common land

6.  common culture

C.  Nationalism can be divisive like a "bomb" 

1.  Strong empires began to splinter during the 1800's because of the multi-cultural make-up of its people

2.  The common bonds created a strong desire for common peoples to rule themselves rather than a foreign emperor

D.  Nationalism can be bring unity like a "magnet"

1.  Splintered nation-states that speak the same language and share borders desire one government, one set of laws, one flag, one nation

2.  The common bonds during the 19th century formed new, powerful nations

II.  "The Magnets" or Unification Movements

A.  Italy - Since the fall of the Roman Empire, Italy was composed of several autonomous states with outside power of France, Austria and Spain fighting for influence over the Italian peninsula.  Several nationalist leaders emerge, although not always in agreement, they help forge a united Italy in 1871

 

1.  Giuseppe Mazzini fought for freedom and unification of all Italian speaking people by forming the "Young Italy" 

a.  called the "soul" of Italy for his fiery speeches and writings

b.  led revolts and fought for democracy and social justice

2.  Count Camillo di Cavour, the prime minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia used shrewd diplomacy to win freedom for Italy

a.  signed treaties with France and started war with Austria to rid northern Italy of both

b.  called the "brains" behind the unification movement

3.  Giuseppe Garibaldi led a small nationalist army from the south of Italy to fight for Italian freedom and unification

a.  called the "sword" of Italy for his gallant and heroic fighting

b.  led an army of nationalist called the "Red Shirts" from the south

4.  Victor Emmanuel II was king of Sardinia and later becomes the King of the United Kingdom of Italy

a.  despite bringing the Italian speaking states together under the same crown, Italy struggles with internal and external bickering

b.  one conflict was with the Roman Catholic Church and the pope who had ruled over Rome and now became the capital city of Italy

B.  Germany - 39 German speaking provinces led by the largest state, Prussia worked to form a united Germany by 1871

1.  Prussian King Wilhelm I and his conservative Junker prime minister Otto von Bismarck provide the leadership and vision for a united Germany

2.  Bismarck delivered a speech to the liberal parliament stating that "questions of the day will not be settled by speeches...but by blood and iron"

3.  Bismarck used treaties and created incidents to provoke first Austria-Hungary and later France to fight, forcing the splintered German states to work together and fight a common enemy

1.  Seven Weeks' War with Austria wins the previous Danish territory of Schleswig and Holstein

2.  Franco-Prussian War of 1867 helped the southern Germans to support the Prussian leadership of Bismarck and Wilhelm

4.  In 1871, King Wilhelm I was crowned Kaiser of Germany after defeating the French.  The Second Reich had begun.

C.  Zionism - a call for a Jewish homeland

1.  Theodor Herzl - fought for the creation of the Jewish state of Israel 

2.  Reaction to anti-Semitist movements, like the Russian pogroms or attacks on Jews

D.  India - in reaction to British rule, nationalist organizations form to fight for Indian rights and eventual home-rule

1.  Indian National Congress

2.  Muslim League

III.  "The Bombs" or Divisiveness Movements

A.  Ottoman Empire - the "sick old man of Europe" captured the essence of this aging empire

1.  multinational empire could no longer be held together by the sultan;  too many ethnic groups seeking their own national identity

2.  Young Turks seize control from the sultan and seek to strengthen Turkish nationalism and end western influences

3.  The Muslim Turks lead a campaign against the Christian Armenians killing millions framing history's Armenian Massacre

B.  The Balkans - as the "sick old man of Europe" loses control over southern Europe, the western powers seek to gain land and control

1.  The Balkans turns into the "tinder box" or "powder keg";  a volatile region dangerously close to igniting a violent reaction

2.  Ethnic groups include Serbs, Greeks, Romanians, Muslims, Albanians, Croatians, Bulgarians, Russians

3.  Pan-Slavism, a nationalist movement let by the Russians looked to unite all Slavic peoples

4.  Austria-Hungary was another failing empire that desperately looked to maintain its political power over much of the Balkans including Serbia

C.  Austro-Hungarian Empire - Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria ruled over his split kingdom and fought nationalist movements throughout the second half of the nineteenth century

1.  Empire ruled over Hungarians, Germans, Croats, Poles, Austrians, Serbs, Italians and Slovaks

2.  Ethnic groups demanded more and more autonomy

3.  Serbian nationalism against the Austro-Hungarian Empire eventually becomes the spark that ignites the "power-keg" of Europe and begins the first world war 

Key Terms

Before and After

Before Nationalism (Causes) French & American Revolutions both sparked feelings of autonomy, democracy, equality and justice demonstrated the power of the people and promoted loyalty to the state not the king Enlightenment philosophes promoted democracy, natural rights, justice, equality and government for the people  Industrialism & the rise of the middle class the general rise in the standard of living led to social and political reforms common past and experiences and culture brought people together Imperialism competition between industrialized nations over foreign interests sparked tensions

After Nationalism (Effects) Romanticism political leaders, artists, composers and authors appealed to the people's desire for nationhood Power Conflicts rival nations fight for territory and political influence Militarism nations needed to protect national interest increases in production of military technologies the size of armies grew largest in history Balance of Power is Challenged Congress of Vienna set up a balance of power in Europe Nationalism and growing militarism upset this balance World War I nationalist tensions is a primary cause leading to the first world war

People to Know

	Otto von Bismarck
	Kaiser Wilhelm I
	Count Camillo Cavour
	King Victor Emmanuel II
	Giuseppe Garibaldi
	Giuseppe Mazzini
	Czar Nicolas I

Must, Good & Nice to Know

Must Know 6 bonds of Nationalism Nationalism Blood & Iron Policy German Unification Otto von Bismarck Italian Unification Giuseppe Garibaldi Red Shirts Giuseppe Mazzini Young Italy Breakup of Ottoman Empire Breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire Breakup of Russian Empire Russification

Good to Know Junker Seven  Weeks' War Franco-Prussian War Alsace-Lorraine Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III) Realpolitik Theodor Herzl Anti-Semitism pogroms Armenian Massacre Indian National Congress Muslim League

Nice to Know Danish War Frederick William IV Emperor Francis Joseph realism romanticism impressionism Claude Monet Edgar Degas Pierre-Auguste Renoir Ludwig van Beethoven Frederic Chopin Franz Liszt Victor Hugo

Regents Questions

From the August 2002 Exam...

 

"Not by democracy or liberal standards will our goal be achieved but by blood and iron. Then we will be successful, no nation is born without the traumatic experience of war."

—Otto von Bismarck

 

19.  This statement was used to justify a policy of

1.  ethnocentrism

2.  militarism 

3.  containment

4.  appeasement 

ANSWER:  2

From the January 2003 Exam....

 

26.  Which 19th century ideology led to the unification of Germany and of Italy and to the eventual breakup of Austria-Hungary and of the Ottoman Empire?

1.  imperialism

2.  nationalism

3.  liberalism

4.  socialism

ANSWER:  2

From the January 2003 Exam...

 

31.  Growing nationalism and militarism in Europe and the creation of secret alliances were

1.  reasons for the rise of democracy

2.  causes of World War I

3.  requirements for economic development

4.  reasons for the collapse of communism

Answer:  2

From the June 2000 Exam...

 

Base your answers to questions 19 and 20 on the statements below and on your knowledge of social studies.

 

Statement 1: "This organization is created for the purpose of realizing the national ideal: the union of all Serbs."

—Bylaws of the Black Hand

 

Statement 2: ". . . people . . . would think themselves happier even under their bad government than they might be under the good government of a foreign power."

—Mohandas Gandhi, adapted from Indian Opinion, 1905

 

Statement 3: ". . . above all, we want Germany to be considered one land and the German people one people."

—Heinrich von Gagern, The Call for German Unity

 

Statement 4: "We ardently wish to free Italy from foreign rule. We agree that we must put aside all petty differences in order to gain this most important goal. We wish to drive out the foreigners not only because we want to see our country powerful and glorious, but also because we want to elevate the Italian people in intelligence and moral development."

—Count Camillo di Cavour, 1810–1861

19.  The foreign power referred to in Statement 2 is

1.  Russia 

2.  Brazil

3.  Great Britain

4.  Japan

 

ANSWER:  3

 

20.  Which idea is expressed by all the statements?

1.  War is a means of achieving national policies.

2.  Industrial growth is critical to a country’s prosperity.

3.  Social class differences are the source of all conflicts.

4.  Self-determination of the people is an important goal

 

ANSWER:  4

Links

Regents Practice Questions	Oswego City School District's regents exam preparation website.  Offers short review summaries and drill and practice questions
Interactive Geography	Interactive political maps set up in a fun quiz format.  Terrific way to practice identifying world regions, the continents, oceans and countries.  Do you know where Paraguay is?
Interactive Timeline	Interactive timeline that is great for researching quick biographies or reviewing important events.